The History of Stakeholder vs. Shareholder Capitalism in the U.S.
The debate about the role and responsibilities of businesses in society has produced various theories throughout history. Proponents of stakeholder capitalism, like economist Joseph Stiglitz, believe it should replace shareholder primacy as a principle of corporate governance. Shareholder primacy, or the idea that a corporation is only responsible for increasing shareholder value, was made popular by Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman in the 1970s. He argued that executives work for the owners (shareholders) and the only social responsibility of a business is “to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.”¹ 

His writings on the theory were so influential they helped shape corporate governance laws in the U.S. This period saw executive and employee stock-based compensation explode in the country as the interests of top executives were being aligned with shareholders, who were increasingly perceived as being the most important stakeholders. There was also a rise in hostile takeovers, with corporate raiders neglecting the well-being of non-investor stakeholders. In 1997, the association Business Roundtable began endorsing principles of shareholder primacy.

The tide is shifting, however, and companies and business leaders are now calling for a return to stakeholder capitalism, which is currently prevalent in Europe and was formerly the norm, even in the U.S.

Despite the comparisons to shareholder-focused companies, investors themselves may lead the charge to institute stakeholder capitalism. Investors can try to use their shares in a company to influence its behavior, encouraging it to be more heedful of the welfare of all stakeholders. Known as shareholder advocacy, this is done through dialogue or shareholder resolutions. Alternatively, investors use negative screening to avoid companies that harm other stakeholders, which is known as socially responsible investing (SRI), or they practice impact investing by only buying shares in companies whose strategies have a positive impact on society or the environment.

Stakeholder Capitalism at the 2019 Business Roundtable
In August 2019, Business Roundtable released a new “Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation” which said all its member companies share a fundamental commitment to all their stakeholders. “The American dream is alive, but fraying,” said Jamie Dimon, chair and CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) and chair of Business Roundtable, in a statement. “Major employers are investing in their workers and communities because they know it is the only way to be successful over the long term. These modernized principles reflect the business community’s unwavering commitment to continue to push for an economy that serves all Americans.”²

Billionaire philanthropist and Salesforce.com Inc. (CRM) co-founder Marc Benioff attributes his company’s impressive financial returns to its policy of valuing all stakeholders equally:

“I really strongly believe that capitalism as we know it is dead… that we’re going to see a new kind of capitalism and that new kind of capitalism that’s going to emerge is not the Milton Friedman capitalism that’s just about making money.” — Marc Benioff, Chair and co-CEO of Salesforce³

Stakeholder Capitalism at Davos 2020
The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) 50th Annual Meeting in Davos is focused on stakeholder capitalism with the central theme “Stakeholders for a Cohesive and Sustainable World.”⁴

Professor Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chair of the WEF and a long-time supporter of stakeholder theory, said, “People are revolting against the economic ‘elites’ they believe have betrayed them, and our efforts to keep global warming limited to 1.5°C are falling dangerously short.”⁴ 

The WEF updated its “Davos Manifesto,” a set of principles that underpin the event, for the first time in over 40 years. It now plainly states at the top, “the purpose of a company is to engage all its stakeholders in shared and sustained value creation” and says companies should have zero tolerance for corruption, uphold human rights, and pay their fair share of taxes.⁵

The organization and the Big Four accounting companies are also developing a set of universal metrics and disclosures that companies can include in their annual reports to measure their social and environmental performance. “By aligning companies with asset owner and asset managers through common, limited and meaningful metrics, we will ensure sufficient capital is available to meet the Sustainable Development Goals,” said Brian Moynihan, CEO of Bank of America and WEF International Business Council (IBC) chair.⁶

During a panel discussion at Davos 2020, McKinsey & Company Global Managing Partner Kevin Sneader said economist Adam Smith clearly said the responsibility of the business person is to give to the community and enrich everyone. “And I think we lost our way a bit in forgetting that,” he added.⁷

“Every CEO needs to sit down and come to grips with the fact that if I don’t have teachers to teach the children of my employees, then the best employees aren’t going to come work for our company,” said Cisco Chair and CEO Chuck Robbins during the same session. “We have to ensure as businesses that we have strategies to apply our capabilities, our skill sets, our employee base, and our financial resources to actually solve these issues.”⁷

What Does It Look Like in Practice?
Stakeholder capitalism can either be an ideology adopted by leaders at individual companies or a model enforced by governments through laws and regulations. Some of the ways companies can independently demonstrate a commitment to stakeholder capitalism:

• Paying fair wages
• Reducing the CEO-worker pay ratio
• Ensuring safety in the workplace
• Lobbying for higher tax rates and avoiding tax loopholes
• Providing good customer service
• Engaging in honest marketing practices
• Investing in local communities
• Preventing environmental damage

There is no defined set of expectations of companies that make such a commitment. However, JUST Capital, an independent research nonprofit, surveyed 4,000 Americans on what issues they believe U.S. companies should prioritize most. The top priorities of corporations, according to the respondents, should be paying a fair wage, acting ethically at the leadership level, paying a living wage, providing benefits and work-life balance, providing equal opportunity and making beneficial products.⁸

“Stakeholder capitalism is a vow to do business in service of all stakeholders, rather than just profits and returns. Shareholders are of course important, but it’s vital that companies also consider workers, communities, the environment, and more when defining success – especially because doing so has demonstrated benefits not just to society, but also the bottom line. This approach is neither status quo nor abandoning capitalism altogether. It’s simply recalibrating the system to take a deeper view of business, and ensure an economy that works for all.”     – Paul Tudor Jones, founder of Tudor Investment Corporation and The Robin Hood Foundation, Co-Founder and Chair of JUST Capital⁹

According to a Stanford University study based on a survey of over 200 CEOs and CFOs of companies in the S&P 1500 Index, most executives believe they are already doing a satisfactory job of incorporating stakeholder concerns into their corporate planning and not receiving sufficient recognition. Only 50% believe their stakeholders understand what the company does to meet their needs. This figure is 33% and 10% when the question is about institutional investors and the media, respectively.¹⁰

Criticism
Critics of stakeholder capitalism tend to believe corporate leaders are self-serving and would enrich themselves if allowed to control the purpose and role of companies. An emphasis on shareholders, it is believed, keeps executives adequately restricted and focused on increasing profits. This is said to ensure companies do not become stagnant or uncompetitive. Critics also argue that shareholder capitalism is the reason public companies in the U.S. have immense [market] value versus public companies in other regions like Europe where stakeholder theory is more popular.